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  Pak affairs# short notes for CSS 2024 The war of Independence (1857) ·         1857 is highly significant in the political and cultural history of india ·         It marked the eventual collapse of the Mughal Empire. ·         The history of India entered into a new phase ·         It was a transitional period between two civilizations,educational systems and philosophies of life. ·         The old political and social systems were replaced by new ones.   Causes of war of independence 1.       Military Revolt ·         Reaction of the Indian soldiers fueled to the fire of hatred which was burning in the hearts of the common people against the British ·         Soldiers were fed up with th...

  Global  warming: causes,  impacts  and  solutions. Thesis statement         Global warming is caused due to excessive use of fossil fuels, role of agriculturesector,deforestation,and other anthropogenic activities posing threat of climate change, health hazard, and imbalance in ecology, however, these hazards can be mitigated by supplanting the fossil fuels with alternate energy source, technological interventions massive forestation and inculcating awareness to public. Outline         I.             Introduction       II.             Causes of global warming        a.Excessive use of fossil fuels –Greenhouse Gases effect 1.        use of fossil fuels in industry particularly energy sec...

  Water crisis in Pakistan Outline          I.             Introduction          II.             Water sources A.Water reservoirs /capacities ·          Three basic reservoirs namely Mangla, Tarbela dams and Chashma barrage reservoirs ·          Small reservoirs warsak, baran dam ,khanpur,rawal,simly,Hamal lake, Mancher lake Kimjhar lake etc. 1.        Tarbela Dam Reservoir ·          world’s largest earth and rock filled dam ·          Built on river Indus in 1976 with a gross capacity of 11.62maf 2.        Mangla dam reservoirs ·      ...

  Promoting tourism in Pakistan: Opportunities and challenges Outline: 1.Introduction: What is meant by tourism? Its scope and extent. Historical Events Current status of tourism in Pakistan 2.Advantages of promoting tourism in  Pakistan          i.             Promoting soft image of Pakistan        ii.                  Contributing to the Gross Domestic product (GDP)      iii.              Business and employment opportunities      iv.              Promotion of local culture        v.              Development of tourist spots      vi.   ...

  Definition              Cyber security is the practice of defending computers and servers, Mobil devices, electronic systems, networks and data from malicious attacks.                   OR              Cyber security is protection of data and information from unethical use. (Pak 7 Th rank in vulnerability.) Cyber (is a computer system network programs or data. Security (means system security, network security, program or data security).           Why need of cyber  security? ·          To protect private data ·          To secure internet ·          To protect intellectual data ·  ...

         Of Acquitted of ·         She was acquitted of all the charges against her Convinced of ·         She convinced the jury of her innocence. Dreamed of ·         The poor man dreamed of owing his own home. Repented of ·         He repented of his bad behavior With his brother Warn of ·         You were warned of the dangers Certain of ·         I am certain of my success in the exams. Confident of ·         The team feels confident of winning. Conscious of ·         She is very conscious of the problems involved. Desirous of ·         I am desirous of going abroad for higher studies. Envious of ...