Pak affairs# short notes for CSS 2024 The war of Independence (1857)

 

Pak affairs# short notes for CSS 2024

The war of Independence (1857)

·        1857 is highly significant in the political and cultural history of india

·        It marked the eventual collapse of the Mughal Empire.

·        The history of India entered into a new phase

·        It was a transitional period between two civilizations,educational systems and philosophies of life.

·        The old political and social systems were replaced by new ones.

 

Causes of war of independence

1.      Military Revolt

·        Reaction of the Indian soldiers fueled to the fire of hatred which was burning in the hearts of the common people against the British

·        Soldiers were fed up with the inhuman and unjust treatment meted out to them by their English masters

·        Soldiers' religious sentiments were also injured (in 1806, sir George Barlow ordered that from then onwards the Indian soldiers would not be allowed while at parade to use the Tilak and to cover their heads with the Safa

·        There was a huge difference between the salaries and living standards of the Indian soldiers and their English counterparts.

·        An Indian Infantry soldier earned only Rs.7 per month whereas a cavalry man got Rs.27 per month

·        No chances of Indian soldiers' promotion

·        Preaching of Christianity was a part and parcel of the official responsibilities

       2.Religious cause

·        The east India company had arrived for the purpose of trade and commerce but along with trade, the propagation of Christianity as its first and foremost duty.

·        Company officials were keen to see all the Indians united under the banner of Christianity

·        They invited their subordinates to their houses and forced them to listen to the sermons of the priests

·        Many possible attempts were made to spread Christianity

3.Political cause

·        English had become rulers of India by depriving the Muslim of their government

·        After defeating the Muslims politically, the English colonial rulers now started a well-organized campaign to malign the history, culture and religion of the Muslims.

·        The old authority and glory of the Mughals had already vanished, and English became busy to wipe out the last vestiges of the Mughal rule.

·        Mughal Empire was confined to four walls of the Red Fort but later a decree was stated by the Lord Dalhousie that after the death of bahadur shah Zafar, his heirs would have to vacate the red fort and would not use the title of emperor for themselves.

  4.Economic exploitation

·        The brutal economic exploitation of the Indians at the hands if the company is a unique phenomenon in the unique human history

·        Before the arrival of the company all the government posts were held by the Indians. The Hindu and the Muslims worked alike in all the governments departments.

·        Company reserved the key posts for the English

·        The doors of all the high post were barred for the Indians

·        Company has not made its permanent residence in India. the moment they were retired or left the job they will transfer all their assists in England immediately.

·        Its main purpose was to plunder the country and transfer all its wealth to England

·        Company has deliberately destroyed the native industries. The Indian silk can easily compete with the European silk.

       5.Accession Of states

·        Eight states were annexed satara,Jhansi,sambalpur,jaitpur,tanjore,Carnatic and avadh

·        Hundreds of thousands of people who were associated with the courts of these states were faced with dire economic problems and hardships

 

2.Causes of failure of war

 

1.changes in the plan

Failure of plan to to start the war of Independence throughout the country, but it was started prematurely due to cartridge incident.

2.The treachery of the Sikhs

·        Sikhs provided every possible assistance to the English army

·        The Sikhs states of Jind and Patiala in the Punjab gave generous financial and military assistance to their English masters.

3.Absence of effective and efficient leader

4.The company’s control over the means of communications &transport

5.Economic condition

 

3.Results

·         After the failure of the war the Muslims of India entered a new phase of their history

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